Military Water Supply

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Army Medical

Military Water Supply
Military Water Supply
Development
Table of Contents
Introduction
Study Suggestions
Lesson Assignment
Lesson 1: Introduction to Military Water Supply
Contaminated Water.
Responsibilities
Water Requirements
Table 1-1. Daily water consumption table requirements.
Hydrologic Cycle
Soil Formations
Characteristics and Standards of Quality Water
Chemical Quality.
Table 1-2. Common impurities in water.
Water Sources
Selection of a Water Source.
Section II. Water Treatment Processes
Chemicals Used for Coagulation
Aluminum Sulfate (Alum).
Chemical Application
Flocculation.
Sedimentation.
Solids Contact Process.
Filtration
Types of FiIters.
Rapid sand fiIters.
Figure 1-8. Loss-of-head measurement.
Figure 1-9. Pressure fiIter.
Figure 1-10. "Bridging" of diatomaceous earth particles across septum.
Figure 1-11. Schematic diagram of diatomite filter.
Figure 1-12. Filter element (disassembled).
Figure 1-13. Flow of materials during the precoating process.
Disinfection
Section III. Water Treatment Facilities
Field Water Treatment Units
Figure 1-14. Water purification unit, van type body mounted, 1,500-gph.
Engineer Water Purification Set No.4.
Principles of operation.
Figure 1-18. Reverse osmosis, spiral wound membrane system.
Figure 1-19 Water purification unit, reverse osmosis, 600 gph trailer mounted.
Section IV. Water Distribution Systems
Field Water Distribution Systems
Figure 1-20. Typical combat water point.
Pipelines and Pumps.
Inspection of Water Points and Facilities
Figure 1-23. DD Form 686, Flouride/Bacteriological Examination.
Figure 1-24. DA Form 1715-R (Water Point Inspection Report).
Exercises, Lesson 1
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 1
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 1-cont.
Lesson Assignmnt
Lesson 2: Disinfection of Water
Chlorine Dosage.
Chlorine Methods
Figure 2-1. Breakpoint chlorination.
Variables Affecting Efficacy of Chlorine
Army Chlorination Policy
Section II. Individual and Small Unit Water Disinfection
Use of the Chlorination Kit.
New Chlorination Kit
Use of and Method for the Kit.
Determining Chlorine Residual with the Color Comparator
Procedure for Determining Free Available Chlorine.
Figure 2-4. Modified OTA method, color comparator determination of free available chlorine-cont.
Figure 2-4. Modified OTA method, color comparator determination of free available chlorine-cont.
Figure 2-4. Modified OTA method, color comparator determination of free available chlorine-cont.
Procedure for Determining Total Available Chlorine.
Determining pH with the Color Comparator
Unit Chlorination
Chlorination in Other Bulk Containers.
Batch Chlorination.
Individual Water Treatment
Field Expedient Methods.
Exercises, Lesson 2
Exercises, Lesson 2-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 2-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 2-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 2
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 2-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 2-cont.
Lesson Assignment
Lesson 3: Bacteriological Tests and Standards
Coliform Bacteria as Indicators.
Collection of Samples for Bacteriological Analysis
Procedure for Collecting and Forwarding Water Samples.
Figure 3-1. DD Form 686, Fluoride/Bacteriological Examination of Water.
Sampling Swimming Pools and Natural Waters.
Most Probable Number.
Preparation procedures.
Interpretation procedures.
Bacteriological Analysis by the Membrane-Filter Technique
Preparation of Equipment
Sterilization of Equipment.
Membrane filters and absorbent pads.
Preparation of Materials
Determining Filtration Volume
Filtration and Incubation
Figure 3-3. Saturate absorbent pad with culture medium.
Figure 3-6. Apply suction to filter holder.
Figure 3-7. Rinse down funnel walls.
Counting Colonies
Other Bacteriological Tests
Figure 3-11. DD Form 686 (Completed).
Section II. Bacteriogical Standards
Standards for Fixed Installations
New Coliform Rule (For Garrison and Field Testing).
Standards for Garrison Water Supplies
Standards doe Swimming Pools and Natural Bathing Areas
Table 3-2. Classification of tidal (salt) waters.
Exercises, Lesson 3
Exercises, Lesson 3-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 3-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 3-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 3
Lesson Assignment
Lesson 4: Physical and Chemical Tests and Standards
Table 4-1. Maximum contaminant levels of inorganic chemicals
Table 4-2. Recommended fluoride concentration in drinking water.
Secondary Standards.
Table 4-3. Recommended secondary MCL in drinking water.
Other Chemical Substances.
Field Supplies
Table 4-4. Maximum possible concentrations of impurities in treated water.
Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Agents
Field Water Supply Standards
Collection of Samples
Figure 4-1. DD Form 710, Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water.
Water Quality Analysis or Control Sets.
Figure 4-3. Water quality analysis set-preventive medicine.
Figure 4-4. Water quality analysis set-engineer.
Nonstandard Equipment.
Figure 4-5A. Water testing kit, chemical agent AN-M272.
Figure 4-5B. Water testing kit, chemical agent AN-M272.
Figure 4-5C. Water testing kit, chemical agent AN-M272.
Figure 4-6. Water chemistry kit.
Exercises, Lesson 4
Exercises, Lesson 4-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 4-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 4-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 4-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 4
Lesson Assignment
Lesson 5: Field Water Treatment
Figure 5-2. Flow of water through horizontal pipe.
Table 5-1. Discharge of water from full-flowing horizontal pipes.
Figure 5-3. Critical dimensions for 90 v-notch weirs.
Table 5-2. Discharge of water over 90 o v-notch weir.
Figure 5-4. Determining cross-sectional areas.
Installation of Water Purification Equipment
Figure 5-5. Typical field WPU installation.
Production of Potable Water Using the Erdlator
Water Treatment Process.
Chemical Feeding
Pulverized Limestone.
Coagulation
Figure 5-10. Cross-section of the erdlator assembly.
Filtration
Figure 5-11. Diatomite filter and related parts.
Electrical Controls
Determining Chemical Dosages
Figure 5-13. Calcium hypochlorite solution calibration chart.
Chlorine Demand Test.
Coagulation Dosage Test.
Evaluation of Erdlator Operation
Operating Controls
Installation of Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Equipment
Site Selection.
Figure 5-16. Typical field ROWPU installation.
Figure 5-17A. ROWPU processing block diagram.
Figure 5-18. Rear view of ROWPU (generator removed).
Figure 5-19. ROWPU equipment components
Figure 5-19. ROWPU equipment components-cont.
Figure 5-19. ROWPU equipment components-cont.
Figure 5-19. ROWPU equipment components-cont.
Function of ROWPU Main Components.
Brine collection.
Miscellaneous.
Test equipment.
Figure 5-20. DA form 1712-R (Water Reconnaissance Report).
Figure 5-21. DA Form 1713-R (Daily Water Production Log---Erdlator.
Figure 5-22. DA Form 1713-1-R
Figure 5-23. DA Form 1714-R (Daily Water Distribution Log).
Figure 5-24. DA Form 1716-R (Water Point Daily Production Summary)
Figure 5-24. DA Form 1716-R (Water Point Daily Production Summary).
Figure 5-24. DA Form 1716-R (Water Point Daily Production Summary).
Exercises, Lesson 5
Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 5
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 5-cont.
Lesson Assignment
Lesson 6: Protection of Water Supplies
Figure 6-1. Improvised floats for intake screens.
Figure 6-2. Intake secured to post.
Figure 6-3. Surface intake in gravel-filled pit.
Figure 6-4. Gravel-filled gallery intake.
Figure 6-5. Typical dug well.
Figure 6-6. Bored well driven well point.
Figure 6-7. Drilled well.
Sanitary Protection of Wells.
Springs
Section II. Cross Connections in Water Distribution Systems
Siphon Principle
Direct Cross Connections
Water and Sewer Lines in Close Proximity.
Submerged Inlets.
The Air Gap
Nonpressure Type Vacuum Breaker.
Reduced Pressure Backflow Preventer
Section III. General Treatment in the Event of Contamination
Remedial Action According to Sanitary Condition
Emergency Procedures
Surface Water Supplies
Ground Water Supplies.
Distribution System.
Section IV. Treatment for Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Contamination
Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Agents
Figure 6-16. Radiac set, AN/PDR-27.
Decontamination
Figure 6-17. Methods used for normal water treatment and treatment for removal of NBC contaminants
Removal of Chemical Agents.
Figure 6-18. Aeration of water
Superchlorination and dechlorination.
Exercises, Lesson 6
Exercises, Lesson 6-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 6-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 6-cont.
Exercises, Lesson 6-cont.
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 6
Solutions to Exercises, Lesson 6-cont.