system (brain and spinal cord). The viruses are transmitted by Aedes and Culex
mosquitoes. No vaccines are available; thus, individual protective measures are
essential in the prevention of this group of diseases.
e. Filariasis (Elephantiasis). This disease mainly occurs in Africa, the Pacific,
and Far East areas. It is caused by a tiny worm (nematode) that is injected into the
body by the bite of an infected Aedes, Culex, or Anopheles mosquito. If only a few of
these parasites are in the body, they will do no harm and will eventually die. Natives
who develop ugly swollen limbs from this disease have been reinfected with the parasite
continually over a period of many years. Avoiding mosquito bites is the best preventive
measure.
5-3.
UNIT MOSQUITO CONTROL MEASURES
a. Selection of Bivouac Site. A bivouac site is selected according to well-
defined military and sanitary rules. The ideal location of a bivouac site is on high, well-
drained ground at least one mile from breeding sites of mosquitoes and flies and one
mile from the habitation of natives who may serve as reservoirs of mosquito-borne
diseases. It is not always possible, however, to bivouac in the ideal location. A unit
commander may be confronted, therefore, with the necessity for mosquito control near
his camp site. The area for which the unit is responsible for mosquito control generally
includes the camp site and 100 yards beyond the perimeter of this site. If only minor
mosquito-breeding sites exist, the area may be extended farther.
b. Control of Breeding Sites. Since all mosquitoes require water for breeding,
the control of water sites is the most effective means of eliminating mosquitoes. This
can be accomplished by ensuring the proper disposal of discarded containers; by
eliminating any holes, ruts, or other low areas in which water can collect and stand; and
by applying an insecticide to breeding areas that cannot be eliminated at sufficient
intervals to kill the mosquito larvae. Only a small quantity of insecticide is necessary to
obtain control. Any large bodies of standing water in which mosquitoes are breeding
should be reported so that control measures such as ditching, draining, and filling may
be accomplished by units with the required capabilities.
c. Control of Adult Mosquitoes. Adult mosquitoes, as well as other insects,
are controlled by clearing away such mosquito resting places as tall grass, bushes, and
vines; by space spraying with an insecticide; and by applying a residual insecticide to
shelters, dining areas, and latrines. Adult mosquitoes are further controlled by the
application of individual protective measures prescribed to protect troops against
mosquito bites described in paragraph 1-28.
d. Mosquito Proofing. All buildings where soldiers gather should have fine
mesh screening (18-mesh) on doors and windows. Screen doors should open outward
and close automatically. They should be of sturdy construction where they will not warp
or sag. They should be reinforced at hand and foot levels with cross-strips of wood or
metal. Strips of wood or metal should also block any spaces between the frame and the
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